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PERIODIC TABLE: WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES CONTAINED IN THE PERIODIC TABLE? WHAT ARE THE PERIODIC SYSTEM AND GROUP NAMES?
The periodic table, which is formed by the classification of chemical elements, is one of the issues that especially face high school students. In particular, the elements p, k, s are among the most curious elements. Periodic table, it is also known by many different names, such as the periodic table, periodic system, element table. The periodic table is divided into groups, periods and blocks. Elements sorted by increasing atomic numbers atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity vary according to their properties. What are the properties of the elements in the periodic table? Detailed information about the periodic table and group name you can access our content.
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The periodic table is called the table in which the chemical elements are sorted. The elements are sorted by increasing atomic number or number of protons. In total, there are 118 elements. In particular, most of the numerical students it is one of the most common issues. The periodic table, which is closely related to the chemistry course, is also known by many different names, such as the periodic table, periodic table, periodic system, elemental table.
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PERIODIC TABLE AND GROUP NAMES
The order of the periodic table created for the classification of chemical elements is made according to the increasing atomic numbers of the elements. The atomic number of each chemical element is different. A total of 118 elements there are. There are 94 of these elements on Earth.
In the periodic table, vertical columns are called groups. The chemical properties of elements that are in the same group are similar. As it descends vertically downwards, the feature intensifies and becomes obvious. The last of the elements belonging to a group A the number of electrons in its layer is also the group rank. For example, in the last layer of the beryllium (Be) atom there are 2 electrons, and this atom becomes the element of the 2A group.
In a group of elements, the atomic radius increases when it is lowered from top to bottom, while the ionization energy and electronegativity decrease.
There are 8 groups A and 8 groups B in the periodic table. Elements of group A are also called chief group elements. The specific names of some groups are as follows.
– The 1A group is called alkali metals. All of them, except hydrogen, are metals.
– The 2A group is called the alkaline metals of the soil. They’re all metal.
– The 3A group is called the Earth metals (or Boron group).
– It is called the 4A Carbon group.
– 5A is called the nitrogen group (or nitrogen group).
– 6A is called the Oxygen (or Chalcogen) group.
– The 7A group is called Halogens.
– Group 8A Noble gases is included in this group.
All elements of group B are metals. Elements of group B are also called transition metals. Group B has 2 interesting features. It is located between Dec 2A and group 3A.
It does not start from 1B. It starts with 3D. It ends with 2B (since it comes after 2A). (After 2D comes 3A).
Group 8B consists of 3 groups of elements side by side. In group 8B, vertical similarities are more important than horizontal similarities.
What are the Properties of the Elements in the Periodic Table?
1. Hydrogen (H)
Hydrogen is the 1st element of the periodic table. period 1. it is an element in the group. Hydrogen has an atomic number of 1. Hydrogen is denoted by the symbol H and is nonmetal.
It is a diatomic gas that is colorless, odorless, non-metallic, tasteless, highly flammable and H2 under standard temperature and pressure. with an atomic mass of 1.00794 g/mol, it is the lightest of all elements this is the one. The name of hydrogen comes from the Greek word idrogono, which means “water-forming”.
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, accounting for 75% of the mass of the universe. The majority of stars located on the main line consist of hydrogen, which is in the form of plasma. Elemental hydrogen is scarce on Earth.
In industry, it can be produced from hydrocarbons such as methane, as well as from the electrolysis of water, although it is expensive.
2. Helium (He)
Helium is the 1st element of the periodic table. 18th of the period. it is an element in the group. Helium has an atomic number of 2. Helium is denoted by the symbol He and is a noble gas.
It is the second most common element in the universe after hydrogen.
It is used to cool superconducting magnets in Large Hadron Collider, satellite vehicles, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems.
It is used to inflate the airbags in vehicles because it expands very quickly.
The artificial atmosphere produced for divers and those working under pressure consists of a mixture of 80% helium, 20% oxygen.
Helium-neon gas lasers are used in barcode readers used in stores and grocery stores.
3. Lithium (Li)
Lithium is the 2nd element of the periodic table. period 1. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of lithium is 3. Lithium is denoted by the symbol Li and is metal.
It is not found in pure metal form in nature, it is contained in compounds. The most important area of use is mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras, etc. they are rechargeable batteries of electrical appliances. Aluminum and aluminum alloys of magnesium with lithium are produced to increase their hardness and reduce their weight. These alloys are used in aircraft and high-speed trains. A small amount of lithium carbonate is used in psychiatric drugs but the surplus is poisonous.
4. Beryllium (Be)
Beryllium is the 2nd element of the periodic table. period 2. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of beryllium is 4. Beryllium is denoted by the symbol Be and is metal.
It takes its name from beryl, the precious stone on which it is located. It is found in different minerals in the earth’s crust. Emeralds and aquamarine are precious stones containing beryllium.
Beryllium and its compounds are toxic and carcinogenic. Inhalation of the smoke of beryllium dust leads to permanent damage to the lungs, which is called berylliosis.
Beryllium alloys are used in aircraft, spacecraft, missiles and communications satellites.
It is used as a reflector or neutron regulator in nuclear reactors.
5. Boron (B)
Boron is the 2nd element of the periodic table. 13th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of boron is 5. Boron is denoted by the symbol B and is a semimetal.
It is found in different minerals in the earth’s crust. 73% of the boron reserves on Earth are located in Turkey. Tin, colemanite, kernite and borax are boron-containing minerals.
Although it is not considered poisonous, its high dose intake can adversely affect metabolism. The average person can get 2 mg of boron from their food daily.
It is an important component of the walls of plant cells.
Boron compounds are used in eye drops, antiseptic solutions and laundry detergents. They also increase the durability of glass and tiles.
Since the boron-10 isotope is able to absorb neutrons, it is used in nuclear reactors and neutron-sensing devices.
6. Carbon (C)
Carbon is the 2nd element of the periodic table. 14th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of carbon is 6. Carbon is denoted by the symbol C and is nonmetal.
*Carbon sublimates at 3825 ºC, that is, it passes directly from the solid state to the gaseous state.
**It is 3513 g/cm3 for diamond and 2.2 g/cm3 for graphite.
Diamond is known for being the hardest natural material in nature, but when heated enough, it burns, turns into carbon dioxide and disappears from view. The fact that the diamond is pure carbon was confirmed by a combustion reaction in 1796.
Pure carbon is found in nature in various forms. Diamond is formed by the arrangement of carbon atoms in a crystal structure in three dimensions. In graphite, which is a very soft material, carbon atoms are two-dimensional layers
it is Deconstructed inside, and the bonds between the different layers are weak.
Industrial diamonds are used in tools such as drills for cutting and drilling rocks.
Graphite is used in pencils; activated charcoal (a kind of light carbon in black color), filtration and purification.
Although hydrocarbons (compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen) found in fossil fuels are usually used as fuels, plastics, paints, polymers, etc. are used in the petrochemical industry. it is also used in its production.
Carbon fiber, which is a very durable and lightweight material, is used in the production of sports equipment such as ski equipment and fishing rods, as well as rockets and aircraft, fireproof textile materials.
In graphene, an example of two-dimensional materials, carbon atoms are arranged in a single layer. Carbon nanotubes produced using graphene and surfaces with atomic-scale fineness, electronic it is used in research in the industry and nanotechnology.
Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, contributes to the fact that the earth has a temperature favorable for life. However, it is one of the main causes of global climate change, which is one of the most important environmental problems of our time one of them is the increase in the proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to human activities.
7. Nitrogen (N)
Nitrogen is the 2nd element of the periodic table. 15th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of nitrogen is 7. Nitrogen is denoted by the symbol N and is nonmetal.
78% of the air in the atmosphere is nitrogen. The transport and conversion of nitrogen by living beings by natural means is called the “nitrogen cycle”.
It is used in the chemical industry for making fertilizers, nylon, dyes and explosives.
Because nitrogen gas is reluctant to enter into reactions, it is used for long-term storage of food, in the production of electronics such as diodes and transistors.
When in contact with liquid nitrogen, living cells can be frozen in seconds.
8. Oxygen (O)
Oxygen is the 2nd element of the periodic table. 16th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of oxygen is 8. Oxygen is denoted by the symbol O and is nonmetal.
Its easy solubility in water makes it possible for oxygen-breathing creatures to live in water.
21% of the atmosphere is oxygen. This is exactly the average of the 17% where breathing becomes difficult and the 25% where most organic compounds ignite.
The most common area of use in industry is steelmaking.
Oxygen gas is used in oxygen guns for cutting metals.
9. Fluorine (F)
Fluorine is the 2nd element of the periodic table. 17th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of fluorine is 9. Fluorine is denoted by the symbol F and is nonmetal.
Until the Second World War, a large amount of fluorine was not produced for industrial purposes. The high amount of atomic bomb development efforts and other nuclear energy projects during the Second World War he made the production of fluorine necessary. Before this date, fluorine salts were used in the production of frosted glass and in welding. Currently, uranium isotopes are used in plants that prepare uranium fuel for nuclear power plants to decompose, the compound uranium fluoride (UF6) is used.
It is used in heat-resistant plastics, Teflon coatings, cable insulation and insulating tapes, as well as Gore-Tex products in waterproof shoes and clothing.
Fluorine salts (metal-fluorine compounds), less than 2 mg/l, are added to drinking water, as they are considered to prevent tooth decay. Fluoride is also found in toothpastes. An excess of fluoride is toxic. Pure fluorine is very it is poisonous. Hydorfluoric acid (HF) is the only acid that dissolves glass.
10. Neon (N)
Neon is the 2nd of the periodic table. 18th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of neon is 10. Neon is denoted by the symbol Ne and is a noble gas.
It is found in nature trapped in the atmosphere and rocks. It has no stable compound.
It has three natural isotopes with mass numbers 21, 22 and 23. Neon is the first element in which more than one isotope appears to be stable.
It is not poisonous.
Its most common use is in the form of “neon lights” on billboards. It emits light of a neon reddish-orange color, which is filled into a vacuumed tube. Only pure neon is present in the red-colored dashboard lights.
It is used in lightning strikes, diving equipment and lasers.
Liquid neon is one of the important refrigerants. It has three times more cooling capacity than liquid hydrogen and forty times more than liquid helium.
11. Sodium (Na)
Sodium is the 3rd of the periodic table. period 1. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of sodium is 11. Sodium is denoted by the symbol Na and is a metal.
Although sodium metal is used as a coolant in some nuclear reactors, the area of use of sodium salts is greater than that of pure metal.
It is involved in many metabolic processes in our body, such as the transmission of signals in nerve cells, as well as the regulation of the water level in the blood and tissues.
The most common sodium compound is sodium chloride, known as table salt. Also common is the sodium carbonate salt. It is used as a washing soda or water softener. Sodium chloride and sodium carbonate although it has been known and used since prehistoric times, it was only possible to obtain pure sodium in 1807 with the use of electric current.
12. Magnesium (Mg)
Magnesium is the 3rd of the periodic table. period 2. it is an element in the group. Magnesium has an atomic number of 12. Magnesium is denoted by the symbol Mg and is a metal.
Because the density of magnesium is less than that of aluminum, it strengthens its weight without increasing much when used with aluminum. These alloys are used in the manufacture of aircraft and cars.
Magnesium is used in sparking products such as fireworks and yıldızsaçan because it ignites very quickly and burns by creating sparks.
However, it is used to make bricks and various paints fireproof.
Meerschaum (magnesium silicate) with magnesium in it is used for the construction of various ornaments.
It takes part in the work of hundreds of enzymes in our body and strengthens bones.
Magnesium is present in the chlorophyll molecule that performs photosynthesis. Without magnesium, photosynthesis could not have taken place, and biological life on Earth today, as we know it, could not have existed.
13. Aluminum (Al)
Aluminum is the 3rd element of the periodic table. 13th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of aluminum is 13. Aluminum is denoted by the symbol Al and is metal.
It is the most commonly found metal in the earth’s crust. It is found in nature mainly in the form of its compounds.
Aluminum is an element that has a low density, conducts heat well, is resistant to rust and is easy to shape.
It is not poisonous.
Very little of the aluminum we get with food is absorbed. Foods that contain more aluminum than average include: tea, processed cheese and lentils. As long as food with a high acidity level is not cooked in it
dishes cooked in aluminum containers do not affect the amount of aluminum we receive.
Pure aluminum is not durable enough. But aluminum-containing alloys are used in many industries, from kitchen appliances to aircraft, from beverage cans to aluminum foil.
14. Silicon (Si)
Silicon is the 3rd element of the periodic table. 14th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of silicon is 14. Silicon is denoted by the symbol Si and is a semi-metal.
Silicon is the second most common element in the earth’s crust.
Silicon is a semi-metal. High purity silicon is used in the manufacture of computers and electronic devices. In order to control the electrical properties of silicon, a small amount of boron, gallium, phosphorus or arsenic is involved.
It is used in the manufacture of silicone (a kind of polymer).
Silicone rubber is used as a waterproof insulating material in bathrooms, window sills, piping systems and roofs.
Granite and some other rocks are complex silicates and are used extensively in the construction industry. Concrete and cement are prepared with sand and clay, which contain the element silicon. Sand is also the main raw material of glass it is a substance.
Silicon, in its silicate state, is used in pottery, enameled kitchen utensils and heat-resistant ceramics.
Although silicon is not toxic, certain silicates, for example asbestos, have a carcinogenic effect. A dangerous lung disease called silicosis can be observed in mining and stone workers exposed to silicon powders.
Lighter stones, which were one of the first tools used in the Stone Age, are silica-based rocks that are an oxidized form of silicon.
15. Phosphorus (P)
Phosphorus is the 3rd element of the periodic table. 15th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of phosphorus is 15. Phosphorus is denoted by the symbol P and is nonmetal.
It is found in nature mainly in two forms – red and white phosphorus. White phosphorus is toxic and skin contact can cause serious burns. It shines in the dark and spontaneously when in contact with air it could catch fire. Red phosphorus, on the other hand, is not poisonous.
White phosphorus is used in light-emitting and burning instruments.
There is also red phosphorus inside the material found on the sides of matchboxes to be used to ignite matches.
The most common area of use of phosphorus is the fertilizer industry. It is also used for making glass and porcelain with certain properties.
It is found in the structure of DNA and RNA in living things. It is also the main component of the ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecule, which ensures the transfer of energy in living things
16. Sulfur(S)
Sulfur is the 3rd element of the periodic table. 16th of the period. it is an element in the group. Sulfur has an atomic number of 16. Sulfur is denoted by the symbol S and is nonmetal.
It has a yellow color, a crystal shape and smells like rotten eggs.
Sulfur is vital for all living things. It is necessary for the production of proteins from amino acids.
Sulfur is not poisonous, but carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide are poisonous. In particular, hydrogen sulfide can cause respiratory paralysis and lead to death.
By burning unrefined oil with coal, sulfur oxide is released. Sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere can cause acid rain. Sulfur dioxide can be mixed into the atmosphere by burning unrefined fossil fuels.
It is used for hardening rubber, in the production of black gunpowder and as an antifungal agent.
The most important area of use of sulfur is the production of sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is also most often used in the production of phosphoric acid, which is used to obtain phosphate in fertilizers.
Sulfur compounds called mercaptan are added to natural gas. They ensure the detection of gas leaks due to their pungent odor. It is also used in chemical drugs produced to kill pests and harmful plants, and silver mercaptans are also used in polishers.
Sulfur compounds are used to whiten paper. These compounds are also used in food preservatives, surface cleaners and detergents.
About one hundred million tons of calcium sulfate minerals are mined every year for use in the production of cement and gypsum.
17. Chlorine (Cl)
Chlorine is the 3rd element of the periodic table. 17th of the period. it is an element in the group. Chlorine has an atomic number of 17. Chlorine is denoted by the symbol Cl and is nonmetal.
It is a gas of greenish-yellow color.
Chloride ion is necessary for life. Chloride, a minus charged ion, is used to balance positively charged ions (especially potassium) in the cell fluid. It also balances positively charged ions (especially sodium) in the blood.
We meet most of our daily chloride needs from salt. Although we consume about 6 grams of salt daily, the salt we actually need is half of that.
It is not found in nature in its pure form, it is contained in compounds. It is mostly obtained from salt deposits. Since sodium chloride is an easily soluble salt, it mixes with water and accumulates in the seas and oceans. Now as a salt bed the mines and lakes that we see are the remains of ancient seas that evaporated.
It is a poisonous gas.
It was used as a chemical weapon during the First World War.
It is used as a disinfectant for drinking water and swimming pool waters because it also kills bacteria.
20% of the chlorine produced every year is used in the production of PVC (polyvinyl chloride). PVC window sill is a multi-purpose, polymer-type material with different uses, such as electrical insulation, water pipe.
Another area of use of chlorine is in organic chemistry. Chlorine or chlorinated compounds are used in the production of 85% of the active substances in medicines.
In the past, chlorine was widely used to make carbon tetrachloride, which was used in dry cleaning processes, and to produce an anesthetic called chloroform. However, these chemicals are serious to the liver when it became clear that he had caused damage, their use was restricted and controlled.
18. Argon (Ar)
Argon is the 3rd element of the periodic table. 18th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of argon is 18. Argon is denoted by Dec symbol Ar and is a noble gas.
Argon is the third most common gas in the atmosphere with 0.94%.
Argon is a colorless, odorless gas that does not react in any way with other compounds. It is often used to create an atmosphere without interaction. Titanium and other materials that are willing to undergo chemical reactions argon is used to obtain elements.
It is used in welding guns to prevent oxidation of the welded area.
It is used in incandescent lamps to prevent the reaction of thin wires (filament) that emit light when current passes through them with oxygen and wear them out.
Argon gas is often found in fluorescent and energy-saving lamps. When the lamp is lit, an electric current passes through the gas and ultraviolet light is emitted. The coating material inside the lamp makes this ultraviolet light bright converts it into visible light.
In insulated windows with double-Decked windows, argon gas is present between the layers. Argon can also be found in the tires of some cars. In this way, the tire is protected and wheel noise is prevented.
19. Potassium (K)
Potassium is the 4th element of the periodic table. period 1. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of potassium is 19. Potassium is denoted by the symbol K and is a metal.
It is one of the essential elements for life. Potassium is found in all cells. It provides fluid and electrolyte balance.
Foods rich in potassium are bananas, sardines, nuts, raisins, potatoes, chocolate and soluble coffee.
Plants are important sources of potassium, they get potassium directly from the soil. It is necessary to mix potassium fertilizers into the soil on agricultural lands harvested every year.
There are also potassium salts in the oceans, but the amount of these salts is very low compared to sodium salts.
The naturally occurring isotope potassium-40 is radioactive. Although it does not have high radioactivity, it may be one of the natural causes of genetic mutation in humans.
The most important field of use is the fertilizer industry. The compounds formed by nitrate, carbonate, chloride, bromide, cyanide and sulfate ions are also very important.
Potassium carbonate is used in the production of glass, potassium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of detergents and liquid soaps, and potassium chloride is used in the manufacture of medicines and serums.
20. Calcium (Ca)
Calcium is the 4th element of the periodic table. period 2. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of calcium is 20. Calcium is denoted by the symbol Ca and is a metal.
It is necessary for all living things, especially for the healthy development of bones and teeth. One of the main components of bones is calcium phosphate. The average person has about 1 kg of calcium.
It is especially recommended that women and children consume foods rich in calcium. These foods include milk and dairy products, leafy green vegetables, fish, nuts and various.
It is not found in pure form in nature, but is widely found in minerals such as limestone, gypsum, apatite.
Calcium is used to obtain metals such as thorium and uranium. It also forms alloys with aluminum, beryllium, copper, lead and magnesium.
Calcium carbonate-based limestone is used in construction directly and as a cement after processing.
Gypsum produced from gypsum (gypsum) rocks based on calcium sulfate is used both as a construction material and as a splint to fix the bone in the treatment of fractures.
21. Scandium (Sc)
Scandium is the 4th element of the periodic table. 3rd of the period. it is an element in the group. Scandium has an atomic number of 21. Scandium is denoted by the symbol Sc and is metal.
Although it is believed to cause cancer, this opinion has not yet been proven.
Scandium is found in many different geographies of the earth. it is found in very small quantities in more than 800 minerals. It is one of the main components of tortveitite, a very rare mineral found especially in Scandinavia.
It is often used in scientific research. However, because its density is almost as low as aluminum and its boiling point is much higher than aluminum, the alloys it forms with aluminum it is used in combat aircraft, professional bicycle skeletons and some other sports equipment.
Scandium iodide is used in mercury-vapor lamps to give color close to daylight. These lamps are used to create a daylight effect when shooting at night or indoors.
Radioactive scandium-46 isotope is used for tracking various fracture movements in oil refineries, as well as for detecting leaks in installations located underground.
22. Titanium(Ti)
Titanium is the 4th element of the periodic table. 4 of the period. it is an element in the group. Titanium has an atomic number of 22. Titanium is denoted by the symbol Ti and is metal.
It is a hard, shiny and durable metal.
It is not poisonous.
Although it is as solid as steel, its density is lower than steel. That is why it is alloyed with many metals, such as aluminum, molybdenum and iron. These materials are resistant to high temperatures, have a low density it is used in airplanes, spacecraft and missiles. However, they are also used in laptops, bicycles and crutches.
Because it is resistant to rust, it is used in the piping systems of power plants, the hull of ships, submarines and other structures exposed to salt water.
Because titanium metal is physically compatible with bone, it is used in orthopedic applications and in areas such as implant dental treatment.
The widest range of uses of titanium is in the form of titanium dioxide. It is an effective coating material used to give white color to household paints, painting paints, plastics, enamel and paper. Infrared radiation it is used in Solar observatories where heat makes it difficult to see because it reflects. Titanium dioxide is used in sunscreens because it prevents ultraviolet light from reaching our skin.
23. Vanadium(V)
Vanadium is the 4th element of the periodic table. 5th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of vanadium is 23. Vanadium is denoted by the symbol V and is metal.
It is vital for some living things, including humans, but it is enough to take it in very small amounts. For example, it more than meets our daily need of 0.01 mg of vanadium.
A number of compounds containing vanadium can have a toxic effect.
80% of the vanadium produced worldwide is used as an additive in steel production. Vanadium-steel alloys are quite strong. That is why it is used in armor plating, engine parts of cars they are used. by mixing 1% vanadium and 1% chromium, the steel is made impact and vibration resistant. Since neutron absorption is low, vanadium alloys are used in nuclear reactors.
Vanadium (V) oxide is silvery in color. It is used to give color to ceramics and glass. It is also used in superconducting magnets.
24. Chromium (Cr)
Chromium is the 4th element of the periodic table. 6 of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of chromium is 24. Chromium is denoted by the symbol Cr and is metal.
Chromium compounds are used as bright green, yellow, red and orange coloring agents. Ruby gets its red color from chromium, and chrome glasses have an emerald green color.
It is vital for humans, as it ensures the utilization of glucose in the body. A large amount of these poisons. It is enough to take 1 milligram per day. Wheat is rich in russet and kidney chromium.
Chromium is used to harden steel and produce stainless steel.
Since chrome is a shiny metal of silvery color, the steel is polished with chrome plating. Chrome plating can also be done on cars and various bathroom appliances.
Chromium is used in the processing of the skin, but an alternative is being tried to be found because it is poisonous.
25. Manganese (Mn)
Manganese is the 4th element of the periodic table. 7th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of manganese is 25. Manganese is denoted by the symbol Mn and is metal.
Manganese is too fragile to be used as a pure metal. But manganese is found in alloys such as steel. Manganese is added to steel to increase its durability, workability and strength. Aluminium,
it forms a highly magnetic alloy with antimony and copper.
Manganese is vital for all living things. Manganese is present in the structure of various enzymes. For example, in the enzyme involved in the process of producing oxygen from water molecules during photosynthesis, four manganese it has an atom.
It can be found on the ocean floors in the form of nodules (solid deposits the size of walnuts, consisting mainly of iron and manganese oxides, but with copper, nickel, cobalt in them).
Since some soils are poor in manganese, cultivated plants need to be supplemented with manganese fertilizers. However, manganese is also mixed into the feed of grazing animals.
About 12 milligrams of manganese are found in the human body. We take about 4 milligrams of manganese daily from foods such as nuts, whole grain cereals, wheat bran, tea and parsley. Manganese is added to bones it gives stiffness, and the lack of manganese makes the bones brittle. In addition, manganese is also necessary for the processing of vitamin B1 in the body.
Manganese (IV) oxide is used to make glasses transparent, which have a green color due to the iron contained in them.
Manganese sulfate is used in fungicidal chemicals. Manganese (II) oxide, on the other hand, is used in the production of fertilizers and ceramics.
Pyrolusite minarets containing a large proportion of manganese (IV) oxide were used to paint on cave walls about 30,000 years ago.
26. Iron (Fe)
Iron is the 4th element of the periodic table. 8th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of iron is 26. Iron is denoted by the symbol Fe and is metal.
Iron is the second most common metal and the fourth element found in the earth’s crust.
The Earth’s core consists largely of iron and contains a significant amount (about 4%) of nickel.
It is an essential element for life and is not poisonous. An average of 4 grams of iron is found in the human body, and a significant part of it is in the hemoglobin molecules in the blood. Hemoglobin, oxygen from our lungs it moves to the cells. We need to take at least 10-18 milligrams of iron every day. Iron deficiency can cause anemia.
There is a lot of iron in foods such as liver, kidneys, molasses, cocoa and licorice.
Although iron objects dating back to the 3500s BC were found in Egypt, the ratio of iron in their composition indicates that they were produced from celestial stones that hit the Earth. The Hittites were the first to melt iron around 1500 BC it is considered to be a civilization. This new and durable metal gave the Hittites economic and political power, and thus the Iron Age began. At that time, when various alloys of iron had different properties, they also he had attracted attention.
The first book on different iron alloys was written by René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur in 1722. In this book, the author focuses on how the proportion of carbon contained in it affects iron.
Another important turning point in history, the Industrial Revolution, also developed due to iron.
Iron is the most important metal, although it rusts easily. 90% of the metals processed today are iron.
Most of the iron is made into steel and used in construction. By Decoupling iron with various metals, different types of steel are produced. The most common of these is carbon steel.
Alloys made with metals such as nickel, chromium, vanadium, tungsten, manganese become very strong and easy to process. They are used in many fields, from bridges to electrical devices, bicycles to cutting tools.
Cast iron contains 3%-5% carbon and is used in the manufacture of pipes, valves and pumps. Although it is not as strong as steel, it can be preferred because it is cheaper.
Magnets can be made of iron and various alloys and compounds containing iron.
Iron is used as a catalyst in the production of ammonia (substances that allow the reaction to occur faster, but are not spent on the reaction itself).
It is also used in the production of fuel oil.
27. Cobalt (Co)
Cobalt is the 4th element of the periodic table. 9 of the period. it is an element in the group. Cobalt has an atomic number of 27. Cobalt is denoted by the symbol Co and is metal.
A small blue glass object Decolored with cobalt was found in the coffin of the Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamen, who ruled from 1361 to 1352 BC. Cobalt is used for making porcelain in China even before this date it is known to be used.
Cobalt is a vital element, an important component of vitamin B12. There is only 1 milligram in our body, but its deficiency can lead to significant diseases. To eliminate mineral deficiencies, certain cobalt salts can be added to the feed of animals. However, if taken in high doses, it can lead to cancer.
It can be found on the ocean floors in the form of nodules (solid deposits the size of walnuts, consisting mainly of iron and manganese oxides, but with copper, nickel, cobalt in them).
Cobalt can also be magnetized like iron and used to make magnets.
Aluminum and nickel alloys are used to obtain particularly strong magnets.
It is used in jet turbines and gas turbine generators because it has a high melting point and is therefore heat resistant.
It is also preferred as a coating material due to its silvery-blue color, strength and resistance to rust.
Cobalt salts have been used for centuries to give blue color to paints, porcelain, glass, pottery and enamels.
The cobalt-60 isotope is radioactive, is an important source of gamma rays and is used in the treatment of cancer (in radiotherapy). It is also used in some countries for the purpose of making food sterile by irradiation and storing it for a long time.
28. Nickel (Ni)
Nickel is the 4th element of the periodic table. 10th of the period. it is an element in the group. Nickel has an atomic number of 28. Nickel is denoted by the symbol Ni and is a metal.
It can contribute to the development of plants and is vital for some living species. However, inhaling the smoke of some compounds containing nickel can cause cancer. Some people also have an allergy to nickel.
It is almost impossible to completely avoid nickel. Together with our food, we get nickel into our body. It is especially found in dried beans.
An incalculable amount of nickel has reached the Earth by means of celestial stones. One of the most significant of them fell millions of years ago near Ontario, which today is located on the border with Canada. Worldwide nickel about 15% of it is obtained from this region.
Iron and nickel are found in the skystones. In ancient times, people considered this alloy to be a superior non-rusting variety of iron and used it. Even the Peruvians thought this metal was silver.
Since nickel does not rust, other metals are coated with nickel to prevent them from rusting. Nickel is also used in making stainless steel. Nickel-chromium alloys, which also contain a small amount of silicon, manganese and iron, are heat-resistant and since they are stainless, they are used in toasters and electric ovens.
A copper-nickel alloy is used in desalination plants that convert salt water into fresh water.
Nickel steel is used in armor coatings.
It is also used in batteries and batteries. Examples of these are rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries used in hybrid vehicles.
Nickel has also been used in coins for many years. In the US, 25% of the 5-cent coin called “nickel” is nickel, 75% is copper.
Nickel is also used as a catalyst for the conversion of unsaturated fats into saturated fats (substances that allow chemical reactions to occur faster, but are not spent on the reaction itself).
The addition of nickel during the production of glass gives the glass a green color.
29. Copper (Fr)
Copper is the 4th element of the periodic table. 11th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of copper is 29. Copper is denoted by the symbol Fr and is metal.
Copper is the first metal processed by humans. The Bronze Age began when tin and copper were mixed to obtain more durable bronze.
It is a vital element from a vital point of view. An adult person needs 1.2 milligrams of copper per day to help enzymes carry energy through the cell. Its excessive intake can lead to a toxic effect.
Unlike mammals, which use iron in the hemoglobin molecule contained in the blood to transport oxygen through their bodies, in some crustaceans, copper compounds are used for the same work.
Along with copper, gold and silver were also used in Decoupage coins, but copper coins were more common, since the most valuable of these metals was copper. The use of copper is also common in today’s coins.
The greatest use of copper is in electrical appliances and wires, as it conducts both heat and electricity very well and can be easily shaped. However, there is also copper in the machines used in construction and industry.
Copper sulfate is used to kill algae as an pesticides and in water purification.
Copper compounds are used in chemical tests for the detection of sugar.
30. Zinc (Zn)
Zinc is the 4th element of the periodic table. 12th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of zinc is 30. Zinc is denoted by the symbol Zn and is metal.
Zinc is one of the elements necessary for life. it is necessary for more than 20 enzymes. There are about 2.5 grams of zinc in the human body, and we get about 15 milligrams of zinc per day from food. In terms of zinc rich foods are herring, beef, lamb, sunflower seeds and cheese. Taking it in excess amounts can cause cancer.
Zinc is often used in combination with other metals. For example, it prevents the iron from rusting. That is why one of the most important areas of use is castings. They are used in auto parts, in the electrical and hardware industry is used.
Zinc oxide is used in the production of paints, rubber, pharmaceuticals, plastics, inks, soaps, batteries, fabrics and electrical materials.
Zinc sulfide is used in brightly colored paints, fluorescent lamps and X-ray displays.
31. Gallium (Ga)
Gallium is the 4th element of the periodic table. 13th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of gallium is 31. Gallium is denoted by the symbol Ga and is a metal.
It is not poisonous.
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a semiconductor material and is used in the electronics industry. The solar panels on the Mars reconnaissance orbiter contain gallium arsenide. It is an important component of many semiconductors.
It is used in LEDs because it can convert electricity into light.
Gallium nitride is also a semiconductor material. It is used in Blu-ray (blue ray) technology, mobile phones, blue and green LED lamps, and pressure sensors on touch surfaces.
It can alloy with most of the metals. It is mainly used in alloys with a low melting point.
32. Germanium (Ge)
Germanium is the 4th element of the periodic table. 14th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of germanium is 32. Germanium is denoted by the symbol Ge and is a semi-metal.
It is a semi-metal.
It is not poisonous. It is believed that some germanium compounds, while not very toxic to humans, can be used in the pharmaceutical industry due to their strong action against certain bacteria.
Pure germanium, which has a semiconductor property, was formerly used in the production of transistors along with arsenic, gallium and other elements. Other materials that have semiconductor properties today include germanium he took his place.
Because the refractive index of germanium oxide is high, it is used in wide-angle camera lenses and microscope lenses. Today, the widest range of use of germanium is lenses.
When a very small amount of germanium is added to silver, its darkening is prevented.
Both germanium and germanium oxide are used in infrared spectrometers because they pass infrared radiation.
33. Arsenic (As)
Arsenic is the 4th element of the periodic table. 15th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of arsenic is 33. Arsenic is denoted by the symbol As and is a semi-metal.
It is a semi-metal.
It is one of the most well-known poisons. Even in small doses, it has a toxic effect and can cause cancer. When ingested into the body, it binds to atoms in the hair, so to find out if someone has been poisoned with arsenic his hair can be analyzed.
Although it is found in rat poison and pesticides, its use is strictly controlled.
Arsenic also has medical uses. In England, during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901), Dr. A tonic called Fowler’s Solution (potassium arsenate dissolved in water) was used as a miracle drug. This among the people who used Dec tonic was the well-known writer Charles Dickens. Today, arsenic compounds are mixed into poultry feed to prevent diseases and facilitate weight gain.
There is a high content of organoarsenic compounds (compounds containing carbon-arsenic bonds) in shrimp. Organoarsenics are not harmful to health.
It is an important component of many semiconductor materials. In the electronics industry, gallium arsenide is used instead of silicon. The solar panels on the Mars exploration vehicle also contain gallium arsenide.
Special glasses with arsenic components can be produced and ensure that the wood remains intact for a long time.
Arsenic was used by the ancient Egyptians to polish metals. in the 1500s, arsenic compounds were known to be toxic in China and could be used as pesticides in paddy farming.
34. Selenium (Se)
Selenium is the 4th element of the periodic table. 16th of the period. it is an element in the group. Selenium has an atomic number of 34. Selenium is denoted by the symbol Se and is nonmetal.
Selenium, which can also be absorbed through the skin, leads to bad breath due to bad breath.
It is a semi-metal. It can be found in two forms: silvery-metal or red powder.
It is vital for a number of living things, including humans. There are about 14 milligrams of selenium in our body. There are more than a million selenium atoms in each of our cells.
Its excess is dangerous, while its deficiency can lead to health problems. It can lead to cancer, adversely affect the development of the embryo or fetus.
Selenium is most often used as an additive in the production of glass. Some selenium compounds make the glass transparent, while some compounds give it a red color. Selenium is used in the coloring of ceramics, paints and plastics we are using.
Selenium is present in the composition of stainless steel.
Since it has both photovoltaic (converting light into electricity) and photoconductive (its electrical resistance decreases as the amount of light falling on it increases) properties, it is used in light eyes, solar eyes and photocopying it is used in machines.
It is also widely used in current rectifiers because it can convert alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC).
It is added to some dandruff shampoos because it poisons the scalp fungus that causes dandruff.
35. Bromine (Br)
Bromine is the 4th element of the periodic table. 17th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of bromine is 35. Bromine is denoted by the symbol Br and is nonmetal.
It is found in all living things, albeit in small amounts. If it comes into contact with the eyes, it can cause itching and redness, if it gets into the throat, cough, and if it comes into contact with the skin, it can lead to painful sores.
It is used in chemicals used in agriculture, dyes, insecticides and a number of drugs. There are studies aimed at reducing its use due to the harm it causes to the environment. However, day over the years, there are new areas of use.
Because it prevents the spread of flames, it is used in furniture, the outer layer of electronic tools and fabrics. In order to prevent premature ignition when using leaded gasoline, a brominated fuel is added to the fuel the compound (C2H4Br2) would be added.
Organic compounds containing carbon-bromine bonds are used in fire extinguishers.
Silver bromide was found in films used in old-style cameras and camcorders.
36. Krypton (Kr)
Krypton is the 4th element of the periodic table. 18th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of krypton is 36. Krypton is denoted by the symbol Kr and is an inert gas.
Sir William Ramsay and Morris Travers, who managed to separate argon gas from the gas in the air, decided to continue the decomposition process, considering that there is a new group of elements in the periodic table. This at the end of the process, they predicted that they would find a heavier gas than argon, and what they thought happened came true. in 1898, they discovered krypton.
Krypton gas is colorless and odorless.
It is found in energy-saving light bulbs and lights used for photo shoots at a speed of 69 frames per second and higher.
The mass number in the noble gas group of the periodic table is more willing to react with respect to smaller elements. When it reacts with fluorine, krypton fluoride is formed, which is used in some lasers.
The meter was defined as 1,650,763.73 times the length of a wave emitted by the krypton-86 isotope from 1960 to 1983. after 1983, the definition of the meter began to be made according to the speed of light.
37. Rubidium (Rb)
Rubidium is the 5th element of the periodic table. period 1. it is an element in the group. Rubidium has an atomic number of 37. Rubidium is denoted by the symbol Rb and is metal.
Rubidium nitrate is sometimes used to give fireworks a purple hue.
Its use is limited, except for scientific research. It is used for cleaning oxygen residues in vacuum tubes, as well as for the production of special glasses and photosensitive cells.
Although it was thought to be used in the ion engines of spacecraft because it ionizes very easily (ionization is the transition of an atom or molecule to an electrically charged state by taking or giving electrons), cesium it was not used for this purpose due to the understanding that its element is more effective.
38. Strontium (Sr)
Strontium is the 5th element of the periodic table. period 2. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of strontium is 38. Strontium is denoted by the symbol Sr and is metal.
It is known for the bright red color that it gives to fireworks and flares.
It is found in the shells of some deep-sea creatures and is vital for some coral rocks. It has no biological effect on humans and is not poisonous. Because it is similar to calcium, bones in our body absorbed by this.
It is used in the production of ceramic (ferrite) magnets and in the purification of zinc.
Today, strontium aluminate is found in paints and plastics that glow in the dark. They absorb light in daylight and then emit it slowly.
The strontium-90 isotope is radioactive and occurs as a by-product in nuclear reactors. It is also found in nuclear waste. The half-life is 28 years. Instead of calcium in the bones, because its structure resembles calcium it is absorbed and can lead to the inability of the bone marrow to function and lead to cancer. It is released by nuclear explosions and can spread to the environment in nuclear power plant accidents. Especially if bone development is ongoing it negatively affects children and young people.
It is the best known high-energy beta-ray emitting element. It is used in power generation for spacecraft, remotely controllable weather stations and navigation buoys.
It is also used to remove static energy in thickness measuring devices and paper or plastic packaging machines.
A strontium compound is used in toothpastes produced for sensitive teeth.
39. Yttrium (Y)
Yttrium is the 5th element of the periodic table. 3rd of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of yttrium is 39. Yttrium is denoted by the symbol Y and is metal.
It is a soft metal of silvery-white color.
Together with the element scandium and lanthanides (elements with atomic numbers 57-71 in the periodic table), which occupy the Dec place in the periodic table, they make up the rare earth metals.
Among the rare earth metals, it is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust after.
It is used as a red light source in fluorescent lighting and televisions.
Another important area of use is the production of superconducting (when the temperature drops below a certain value, the electrical resistance of a material is completely zero) material. For example, yttrium barium copper oxide its material is classified as a high-temperature superconductor.
The yttrium-90 isotope is included in the drugs used to treat some types of cancer.
40. Zirconium (Zr)
Zirconium is the 5th element of the periodic table. 4 of the period. it is an element in the group. Zirconium has an atomic number of 40. Zirconium is denoted by the symbol Zr and is metal.
It is a metal of silvery color, durable and malleable.
It is not poisonous.
Upon contact with air and aqueous solutions, a layer of zirconium oxide is immediately formed on its surface. This layer makes zirconium resistant to corrosion (chemically abrasion).
Zircon and baddeleyite are minerals found in the earth’s crust and have economic value.
The most widely used area is the production of nuclear energy. As a coating material in the manufacture of tubes containing nuclear fuel rods, due to the fact that it does not absorb neutrons and is resistant to abrasion zirconium alloys are used.
Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) is used in the ceramic industry to improve the durability of materials.
41. Niobium (Nb)
Niobium is the 5th element of the periodic table. 5th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of niobium is 41. Niobium is denoted by the symbol Nb and is metal.
It is a silvery-colored, soft and malleable metal.
The oxide layer formed on its surface makes niobium resistant to corrosion (chemically abrasion).
It is found in the minerals it forms in the earth’s crust along with the elements tantalum, iron and manganese.
It has a superconducting property. For this reason, it is used in superconducting magnets in particle accelerators (for example, in the Large Hadron Collider at CERN) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices.
Niobium oxide is added to the glass in order to increase the refractive index. Thus, glasses made of thinner lenses can be produced.
Since niobium and zirconium alloys are not toxic and do not cause the immune system to react, they are used as filling materials in dentistry and in the production of implants placed in the body.
42. Molybdenum (Mo)
Molybdenum is the 5th element of the periodic table. 6 of the period. it is an element in the group. Molybdenum has an atomic number of 42. Molybdenum is denoted by the symbol Mo and is metal.
It is a metal of bright silvery color, hard and with a very high melting point.
It is an essential element for the realization of certain biochemical processes in plants and animals. For example, molybdenum-containing enzymes are responsible for the reaction of nitrogen gas in the atmosphere to turn into ammonia it acts as a catalyst for its rapid realization. This process is necessary for the biological synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds in living beings.
It is found in very small amounts in living things. But the surplus is poisonous.
It is commonly found in the earth’s crust in the form of the mineral molybdenite.
It is added to alloys in order to ensure that the materials are resistant to high temperature and corrosion (chemically abrasion), increase their hardness, electrical and thermal conductivity.
It is used as a catalyst (substances that allow chemical reactions to occur faster, but are not spent on the reaction itself) in the chemical industry. Especially for petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel it is used to remove sulfur from petroleum products in order to make it less harmful to the environment.
43. Technetium (Tc)
Technetium is the 5th element of the periodic table. 7th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of technetium is 43. Technetium is denoted by the symbol Tc and is metal.
It is the first artificially produced element in the periodic table. All its isotopes are radioactive.
Since the half-lives of its isotopes are relatively short (The half-life of its longest half-life isotope, technetium-97, is about 4.2 million years.) it is almost never found in the earth’s crust. But in 1962, Gabon It turned out that technetium was found in ores in uranium deposits in the Republic.
The technetium-99 isotope is one of the products released as a result of the nuclear fission reaction in nuclear reactors where uranium is used as fuel.
Technetium-99m is used in the diagnosis of thyroid diseases due to the fact that it is an artificial isotope of radioactive elements. In addition, technetium-99m is used to image cancerous tissues and cells with special compounds.
44. Ruthenium(Ru)
Ruthenium is the 5th element of the periodic table. 8th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of ruthenium is 44. Ruthenium is denoted by the symbol Ru and is metal.
It is a hard and brittle metal.
It is usually found in the earth’s crust in the form of ores formed by the platinum group together with metals (ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum).
It is one of the products formed as a result of the nuclear fission reaction in nuclear reactors where uranium and plutonium are used as fuel.
It is used to increase the hardness of palladium and platinum alloys.
It is used as a catalyst (substances that allow chemical reactions to occur faster, but are not spent on the reaction itself) in the chemical industry.
Research is underway to develop solar cells using ruthenium-containing compounds. In this way, it is a low-cost material that can be an alternative to the solar panels used today it is believed that it can be produced.
45. Rhodium (Rh)
Rhodium is the 5th element of the periodic table. 9 of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of rhodium is 45. Rhodium is denoted by the symbol Rh and is metal.
It is a hard, malleable metal of white-bluish color.
It is resistant to strong acids. At the same time, it does not react easily with air and water.
It is found in nature in the form of the isotope rhodium-103.
It is mostly found in nature in the form of ores formed by it together with other platinum group metals (ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum).
It is the most important component of catalytic converters used in motor vehicles. This device is designed to convert nitrogen oxide compounds formed as a result of combustion of fuel in motor vehicles into non-harmful nitrogen gas and oxygen gas it allows the chemical reaction that it turns into to occur faster.
It is used as a coating material to improve the external appearance of white gold and prevent the blackening of silver by reacting with air.
46. Palladium (Pd)
Palladium is the 5th element of the periodic table. 10th of the period. it is an element in the group. Palladium has an atomic number of 46. Palladium is denoted by the symbol Pd and is metal.
It is a metal of a bright silvery-white color.
It can be easily shaped by beating.
Among the platinum group metals (ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum), the melting Dec and density are the lowest.
Among the metals of the platinum group, it is the most abundant in the Dec’s crust. It can be found in the earth’s crust alone or in minerals formed by other elements.
The most important field of use is the automotive industry. It is used in catalytic converters in motor vehicles. Harmful substances formed as a result of combustion of fuel (for example, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide it allows chemical reactions to occur faster, in which its compounds are converted into water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas.
It can absorb hydrogen gas up to 900 times its own volume. Hydrogen gas can be released again when the metal is heated. Thanks to this property, it is used for the purification of hydrogen gas.
47. Silver (Ag)
Silver is the 5th element of the periodic table. 11th of the period. it is an element in the group. Silver has an atomic number of 47. Silver is denoted by the symbol Ag and is metal.
It is a metal that has a silvery color, is relatively soft and can be forged.
Together with the metals of the gold and platinum groups, they are called precious metals.
It is the metal with the highest light reflecting capacity, electrical and thermal conductivity.
It can be found in the earth’s crust alone or in minerals formed by other elements (for example, lead, copper, cadmium ores).
Although it is one of the rare elements in the earth’s crust, it is found in many naturally occurring minerals.
One of the minerals of silver with economic value is argentina (silver sulfide).
When it reacts with sulfur-containing substances in the air, a black silver sulfur compound forms on its surface and darkens over time.
Since time immemorial, it has been used to make coins, ornaments, various tools and jewelry.
As a catalyst for the conversion of ethylene to ethylene oxide and formaldehyde in the chemical industry (substances that allow chemical reactions to occur faster, but are not spent on the reaction itself) is used.
48. Cadmium (Cd)
Cadmium is the 5th element of the periodic table. 12th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of cadmium is 48. Cadmium is denoted by the symbol Cd and is metal.
It is found in the earth’s crust in the mineral grenokite (cadmium sulfide) and in zinc ores.
It is a soft metal of silvery-white color with bluish sparkles.
It is present in the human body in very small quantities. But the surplus is poisonous. It can cause cancer and developmental problems in infants in the womb.
It oxidizes in moist air and turns into cadmium oxide in brown.
The cadmium sulfide compound formed as a result of its reaction with sulfur has a bright yellow color and is used as a paint pigment.
The bulk of it is used in rechargeable cadmium-nickel batteries.
It is used in the production of control rods used to control the rate of nuclear fission reactions in nuclear reactors because it can absorb neutrons.
49. Indium (In)
Indium is the 5th element of the periodic table. 13th of the period. it is an element in the group. Indium has an atomic number of 49. Indium is denoted by the symbol In and is metal.
It is a soft metal of silvery color. It is stable in air and water.
If consumed more than a few milligrams, it can be poisonous and affect fetal development.
It is one of the rarest mines in nature. Although there are mines where only indium is mined, it is usually found along with zinc minerals or iron, lead and copper ores.
The vast majority of indium tin oxide is used in touch screens, flat-screen TVs and solar panels because it conducts electricity well, holds strongly to glass and transmits light is used.
It is used as a mirror surface on the windows of tall buildings and as a protective film layer on welding glasses.
It is used to coat the ball bearings of Formula 1 cars due to its low friction properties.
Indium nitride, indium phosphide and indium antimonite are semiconductors, they are used in transistors and microchips.
50. Tin (Sec)
Tin is the 5th element of the periodic table. 14th of the period. it is an element in the group. Tin has an atomic number of 50. Tin is denoted by the symbol Sn and is metal.
It is a soft and flexible metal. It turns into powder at temperatures below 13 ° C.
It is not poisonous. But organic compounds containing tin can be poisonous and should be used with caution.
Its main source is casiterite (tin oxide) ores. In addition to the “tin belt”, which includes China, Thailand and Indonesia, it is also mined in Peru, Bolivia and Brazil.
Various metals are coated with tin to resist abrasion. For example, canned cans are produced by coating steel with tin.
An alloy containing niobium and tin is used in superconducting magnets.
Many window panes are produced by pouring molten glass over molten tin to create a flat surface.
Some tin compounds are used as a protective paint against shellfish on ships and boats. However, even if it is used in a very low amount, the use of these compounds causes damage to marine creatures, there are many it is prohibited in the country.
51. Antimony (Sb)
Antimony is the 5th element of the periodic table. 15th of the period. it is an element in the group. Antimony has an atomic number of 51. Antimony is denoted by the symbol Sb and is a semi-metal.
It is a semi-metal. In its metal form, it is silvery in color, hard and brittle.
Many compounds containing antimony and antimony are poisonous.
It is rare in nature, but there are more than a hundred minerals containing antimony. In nature, it is most often found in the form of antimony (III) sulfur compounds. It can also be found in the form of natural metals or alloys.
88% of them are produced in China. Other countries producing antimony are Bolivia, Russia and Tajikistan.
It is used in the construction of semiconductor devices such as infrared detectors and diodes in the electronics industry.
Alloys are produced by mixing with lead or other metals to increase their hardness. Lead-antimony alloy is used in batteries. In addition, antimony compounds are used in anti-glare materials, paints, enamels, it is used in glazing and pottery.
52. Tellurium (Te)
Tellurium is the 5th element of the periodic table. 16th of the period. it is an element in the group. The tellurium has an atomic number of 52. Tellurium is denoted by the symbol Te and is a semi-metal.
It is a semi-metal. It is usually obtained in the form of powder of gray color.
It is very toxic and teratogenic (inhibiting embryo development). Inhaling even a very small amount of it causes an odor similar to the smell of garlic to form in the mouth.
The rate of its presence in the earth’s crust is only 0.001 per million. Among the tellurium-containing minerals are calaverite, silvanite and tellur. It is also found in nature in metallic form, albeit in small quantities. Commercially the tellurium needed is obtained from the anode sludge during the electronic refining of copper. About 8% tellurium is found in these muds.
Lead, into which tellurium is added, becomes more resistant to acids, its hardness increases.
It is used to improve the machinability of copper and stainless steel.
It hardens rubber, colors glasses and ceramics, is a catalyst for solar panels, rewritable CDs and DVDs, as well as oil purification (faster chemical reactions it is also used as a (but not spent substances in the reaction itself).
53. Iodine (I)
Iodine is the 5th element of the periodic table. 17th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of iodine is 53. Iodine is denoted by the symbol I and is nonmetal.
It is a black, shiny, crystalline solid. When heated, it turns into a purple vapor.
Up to 20 milligrams of iodine can be found in the human body, the majority of it is in the thyroid gland. There is normally a sufficient amount of iodine in the foods we consume. We need to take 0.1 milligrams of iodine daily. Iodine deficiency, thyroid it causes swelling of the gland and the formation of goiter disease.
There are iodized compounds in seawater. But since they are absorbed by seaweed, the iodine content in the waters is less than 0.05 per million. In the past, iodine was obtained from seaweed. Main today its source is iodine-containing minerals.
The first area of commercial use was photography. It is used in many fields today. Iodine is used in the construction of polarizing filters for LCD screens, iodine salts are used in medical drugs and disinfectants, inks and paints, animal it is used in the production of chemical substances related to feed and photography.
A very small amount of it is added to table salt, since its deficiency negatively affects the thyroid glands.
The radioactive iodine-131 isotope is used in the treatment of cancerous thyroid glands.
54. Xenon (Xe)
Xenon is the 5th element of the periodic table. 18th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of xenon is 54. Xenon is denoted by the symbol Xe and is a noble gas.
It is an odorless and colorless gas. It is very reluctant to undergo chemical reactions, it is a noble gas.
It itself is non-toxic, but compounds containing xenon are very toxic.
Commercially needed xenon is obtained from liquefied air. There is 0.086% xenon per million by volume in the atmosphere.
It is used in some special light sources. Xenon atoms emit blue light when excited by applying voltage. Used by photographers in high-speed flash lamps, skin bronzing lamps, food xenon is used in bactericidal lamps in the industry.
It is used in ion propulsion systems, some satellites, and to keep spacecraft in orbit.
55. Caesium (Cs)
Cesium is the 6th element of the periodic table. period 1. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of cesium is 55. Cesium is denoted by the symbol Cs and is metal.
It is a gold-colored, soft metal. It reacts rapidly with air, and when it reacts with water, it explodes.
It is found in polucite and lepidolite mines. Commercially needed cesium is obtained as a by-product of lithium.
One of the most important uses of cesium is atomic clocks. Cesium atomic clocks are very important for the proper functioning of the Internet, mobile phone networks and GPS systems. Some cesium clocks are on it deviates by only one second in five million years.
56. Barium (Ba)
Barium is the 6th element of the periodic table. period 2. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of barium is 56. Barium is denoted by the symbol Ba and is a metal.
It is a soft metal of silvery color. It becomes dull as soon as it comes into contact with air and water.
Barium, as well as barium compounds soluble in water and acid, are poisonous. However, barium sulfate drunk before medical imaging is harmless because it is insoluble in water.
Only a special type of algae contains barium sulfate.
Barium Decays in nature in combination with other elements. Its main source is barite (barium sulfate) and viterite (barium carbonate) mines.
Barium carbonate was used as a rat poison in the past.
Barium nitrate gives fireworks a green tint. It is mainly used as drilling fluid in oil and gas wells. It is also used for painting and making glass.
57. Lanthanum (La)
Lanthanum is the 6th element of the periodic table. it is included in the group of lanthanides of period 1. it is the element. The atomic number of lanthanum is 57. Lanthanum is denoted by the symbol La and is metal.
It is a soft metal of silvery-white color. It is a metal that becomes dull and burns easily as soon as it comes into contact with air.
Both the element itself and its compounds are moderately toxic.
It has no commercial use. But their alloys are used in different places. Lanthanum-nickel alloy is used for the storage of hydrogen gas.
It is found in the mines of monazite and bastnazite, which are rare earth minerals.
58. Cerium(Ce)
Cerium is the 6th element of the periodic table. it is included in the group of lanthanides of period 2. it is the element.. The atomic number of cerium is 58. Cerium is denoted by the symbol Ce and is metal.
It is a gray metal and has very little use because it darkens very quickly. It reacts with water and ignites when heated.
Cerium is one of the most important components of the mishmetal alloy in lighter stones, as it sparks when hit hard.
Cerium (III) oxide is used to prevent the increase of food residues in self-cleaning ovens.
Research is being conducted on adding it to diesel fuels, as it is estimated that it will allow the fuel to burn better, thereby reducing exhaust emissions.
Cerium sulfide, a non-toxic compound, is used as a pigment due to its red color.
Cerium is also used in flat-screen TVs, low-energy lamps and projectors.
The most abundant lanthanide in nature is cerium.
59. Praseodim (Pr)
Praseodim, 6 of the periodic table. it is included in the group of lanthanides of period 3. it is the element. The atomic number of praseodimine is 59. Praseodim is denoted by the symbol Pr and is metal.
It is toxic at a low level.
It is a soft metal of silvery color.
It forms alloys with many metals. The alloy formed by magnesium is used in aircraft engines.
There is about 5% praseodim in the mishmetal found in the lighter stones in the lighters.
Permanent magnets also have praseodim.
Similar to other lanthanides, it is used in studio lighting and projectors.
Salts of praseodimine are used for coloring enamels and glasses, in particular, for tinting yellow. Protective glasses worn by glass manufacturers and welders because they block yellow light and infrared radiation in glasses, praseodim is used in combination with neodymium.
60. Neodymium(Nd)
Neodymium is the 6th element of the periodic table. it is included in the group of lanthanides of period 4. it is the element. The atomic number of neodymium is 60. Neodymium is denoted by the symbol Nd and is metal.
It is a metal of silvery-white color. It becomes dull when in contact with air.
It is moderately toxic.
The most important area of use is the production of very strong permanent magnets. Thanks to these powerful magnets, which contain alloys formed by iron and boron, mobile phones, microphones, speakers and electronic music are Decoupled between them
it was possible to reduce many electronic devices, including their tools, by. These magnets are also used in car wipers and wind turbines.
Neodymium is found together with praseodim in glasses in protective glasses worn by glass manufacturers and welders.
It is used to give the glass a purple, crimson and gray color. It is also used in the glazing of tanning booths, as it blocks infrared rays and passes tanning ultraviolet rays.
Lasers manufactured using neodymium glasses are used in pointers, eye surgeries and skin cancer treatment.
61. Promethium (Pm)
Promethium is the 6th element of the periodic table. it is included in the group of lanthanides of period 5. it is the element. Promethium has an atomic number of 61. Promethium is denoted by the symbol Pm and is metal.
It is a radioactive metal. It is mainly used in scientific research. In addition, nuclear batteries contain a very small amount of promethium. These batteries, which are more or less the size of a fastener, are on the pacemakers,
it is used in guided missiles and radios. Radioactive decay of promethium is used to enable phosphorous substances to release light. This light is converted into electricity by the sun’s eye.
Promethium is also used as a source of X-ray and radioactivity in measuring instruments.
62. Samaryum (Sm)
Samarium is the 6th element of the periodic table. it is included in the group of lanthanides of period 6. it is the element. The atomic number of samarium is 62. Samarium is denoted by the symbol Sm and is metal.
It is a metal of silvery-white color.
It is toxic at a low level.
Samarium-cobalt magnets are much stronger than iron magnets. They are used in microwave applications due to the fact that they can maintain their magnetic effect even at high temperatures. Electronics such as headphones
the shrinking of the tools was made possible by the expansion of the areas of use of these magnets. But now neodymium magnets are used more widely than samarium-cobalt magnets.
Samarium is added to the crystals of calcium chloride used in optical lasers.
It is used in glasses that absorb infrared rays, and neutron absorbers in nuclear reactors.
Samarium oxide is used for making glass and ceramics.
Similar to other lanthanides, it is used in studio lighting and projectors.
63. Evropium (Eu)
Evropium is the 6th element of the periodic table. its period is 7 years, which is included in the group of lanthanides. it is the element. The atomic number of evropium is 63. Evropium is denoted by the symbol Eu and is metal.
It is toxic at a low level.
It is a soft metal of silvery color, reacts with water, quickly becomes dull.
Evropium is used for printing euro banknotes. When banknotes are exposed to ultraviolet light, evropium emits red light. Thanks to this, it can be understood whether the money is fake or not.
In energy-saving lamps there is a very small amount of evropium. In this way, blue light is balanced with red light and more natural light is produced.
Because it is very good at absorbing neutrons, it is used in control mechanisms in nuclear reactors.
Evropium-doped plastics are used as laser materials.
64. Gadolinium (Gd)
Gadolinium is the 6th element of the periodic table. it is included in the group of lanthanides of period 8. it is the element. The atomic number of gadolinium is 64. Gadolinium is denoted by the symbol Gd and is a metal.
It is toxic at a low level.
Even in very small quantities, the properties of alloys containing gadolinium improve. Even when only 1% gadolinium is added to alloys with iron and chromium in them, high temperatures and they become more resistant to oxidation. The magnet is also found in alloys used in the construction of electronic circuit elements and data storage disks.
Gadolinium compounds are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems, in particular, in the detection of cancerous cells.
Because its neutron absorption capacity is very high, it is also used in the cores of nuclear reactors.
65. Terbium (Tb)
Terbium is the 6th element of the periodic table. its period is 9 years, which is included in the group of lanthanides. it is the element. The atomic number of terbium is 65. Terbium is denoted by the symbol Tb and is its metal.
It is a soft metal of silvery color.
It is toxic at a low level.
It is used in energy-saving lamps and mercury lamps.
It is used in X-ray devices to obtain a high-resolution image by exposing the patient to rays for a shorter period of time.
Terbium salts are used in laser devices.
An alloy containing terbium, dysprosium and iron can be prolonged and shortened by the action of a magnetic field. Thanks to this feature, he set the stage for the invention of speakers that can be placed on flat floors.
66. Dysprosium (Dy)
Dysprosium, 6th of the periodic table. it is located in the group of lanthanides of period 10. it is the element. The atomic number of dysprosium is 66. Dysprosium is denoted by the symbol Dy and is its metal.
It is toxic at a low level.
Since it reacts easily with water and air, it is almost not used in its pure form.
Since it can maintain its magnetic properties at high temperatures, its main area of use is alloys in which neodymium-based magnets are produced. Magnets used in motors and generators must be heat resistant. This since magnets are used in wind turbines and electrical appliances, the need for dysprosium is increasing day by day.
Dysprosium iodide salt is used in halogen lamps and emits bright white light.
A kind of cermet containing dysprosium oxide and nickel (a kind of composite material containing ceramics and metals) is used in the control mechanisms of nuclear reactors.
It easily absorbs neutrons, retains its shape, although it is subjected to neutron bombardment for a long time.
67. Holmium (Ho)
Holmium is the 6th element of the periodic table. its period is 11, which is included in the group of lanthanides. it is the element. The atomic number of holmium is 67. Holmium is denoted by the symbol Ho and is metal.
It is not poisonous.
It is a shiny, silvery-colored metal.
Because it can absorb neutrons, it is used to control chain reactions in nuclear reactors.
Its alloys are used in magnets.
68. Erbium (Er)
Erbium is the 6th element of the periodic table. it is the 12th in the lanthanide group of its period. it is the element. The atomic number of erbium is 68. Erbium is denoted by the symbol Er and is metal.
It is toxic at a low level.
It is almost not used in its pure form, as it reacts with water and quickly becomes dull in the open air.
By alloying with metals such as vanadium, it reduces hardness levels and makes it possible to form these metals.
Because it absorbs infrared radiation, it is used in glasses in protective glasses worn by metal workers and welders.
It gives the glass a pink glow. That is why it is used in some sunglasses and imitation jewelry.
Broadband signals transmitted by fiber optic cables are amplified by adding erbium to the glass fiber.
69. Tulyum (Tm)
Tulyum is the 6th of the periodic table. it is the 13th in the lanthanide group of its period. it is the element. The atomic number of helium is 69. Tulyum is denoted by the symbol Tm and is metal.
It is not poisonous.
It is a shiny, silvery-colored metal.
When exposed to radiation in a nuclear reactor, it turns into an isotope that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in the production of portable X-ray machines used for medical purposes. Lasers used in surgeries are also tulium is found.
70. Iterbium (Yb)
Ytterbium is the 6th element of the periodic table. it is located in the group of lanthanides of the period 14. it is the element. The atomic number of iterbium is 70. Iterbium is denoted by the symbol Yb and is metal.
It is toxic at a low level.
It is a soft metal of silvery color. When in contact with air, it slowly oxidizes and forms a protective layer on its surface.
It is found in the monazite mineral in the earth’s crust.
Day by day, different uses are emerging for iterbium, especially data storage devices and adjustable lasers.
in 1841, Carl Mosander seryadan (discovered in 1803 and from a mixture containing various oxides) decomposed didimium together with lanthanum in 1841 and suggested that the substances he found were new elements, in 1794 he thought that the yttrium found might not be pure either, and that he could decompose new elements from it. in 1843, he managed to decompose terbium oxide and erbium oxide from yttrium. These elements are also other
he played a role in the discovery of lanthanides. in 1878, Jean-Charles Galissard de Marignac managed to decompose another element from erbium, which he called iterbium. But they were also not pure, and a year later scandium was separated from the ytterbium, and tulium was separated from the erbium. in 1907, luteum was separated from the ytterbium.
71. Luteum (Lu)
Luteum is the 6th element of the periodic table. it is located in the group of lanthanides of the period 15. it is the element. The atomic number of luteum is 71. Luteum is denoted by the symbol Lu and is metal.
It is a hard and dense metal with a silvery-white color.
It is toxic at a low level.
It has very little use outside of scientific research. One of the areas of commercial use is catalysts used in oil refineries to break down hydrocarbons (faster chemical reactions
substances that make it happen, but are not spent on the reaction itself).
72. Hafnium (Hf)
Hafnium is the 6th element of the periodic table. 4 of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of hafnium is 72. Hafnium is denoted by the symbol Hf and is metal.
It is a shiny, silvery-colored metal.
It is located below the element zirconium, which is in the same group in the periodic table. The chemical properties of hafnium are similar to zirconium.
As a result of the reaction of powdered hafnium with water, hydrogen gas, a flammable gas, is released.
Its main source in the earth’s crust is zircon ore. The main components of the zircon mineral are the elements zirconium, silicon and oxygen.) it is contained in it in very small quantities.
Alloys made of hafnium, niobium, titanium and tungsten are thermally and mechanically resistant materials.
Since it has a high neutron absorption capacity, it is used in the production of control rods that serve to control the fission reaction in nuclear reactors.
73. Tantalum (Ta)
Tantalum is the 6th element of the periodic table. 5th of the period. it is an element in the group. Tantalum has an atomic number of 73. Tantalum is denoted by the symbol Ta and is metal.
It is a silvery-colored metal.
It is very hard, durable and can be forged. It has a high melting point, is resistant to corrosion (chemical abrasion), conducts heat and electricity well.
It is rarely found in pure metal form in the earth’s crust. It is found mainly in the form of ores, which it forms together with niobium.
Since it does not cause the immune system to react in humans, it is used in the production of implants and prostheses placed in the body.
In the past, it was used in the production of thin wires (filaments) that emit light when current passes through them in incandescent lamps.
It is used in the production of capacitors found in electronic devices from computers to smartphones.
Alloys formed with other metals are highly durable. It is used in the manufacture of turbine blades in jet engines in aviation.
74.Tungsten (W)
Tungsten is the 6th element of the periodic table. 6 of the period. it is an element in the group. Tungsten has an atomic number of 74. Tungsten is denoted by the symbol W and is metal.
It is a metal of a bright silvery-white color.
The melting point is the highest metal. The alloys that it forms with other metals are very durable, resistant to corrosion (chemical abrasion) and conduct electricity well.
It is one of the rare elements in the earth’s crust. It is mainly obtained from chelite and wolframite ores. It is not found in pure metal form in nature, but exists in the form of compounds formed by it with other elements.
It is most commonly used in the production of thin wires (filaments) that emit light when current passes through them in incandescent lamps.
Due to its resistance to high temperatures, it is used in the production of turbine blades and engine covers on engines.
Tungsten carbide compound formed by tungsten with carbon is used for cutting and drilling very hard materials (for example, hard metals and rocks), as well as balls at the ends of ballpoint pens and it is used in the production of tools used to cut teeth in dentistry.
75. Rhenium (Re)
Rhenium is the 6th element of the periodic table. 7th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of rhenium is 75. Rhenium is denoted by the symbol Re and is metal.
Rhenium is a metal of silvery-white color.
It is one of the rarest elements in the earth’s crust. It is not found in pure metal form in nature. It is mainly obtained from molybdenum ores. from 660 kilograms of molybdenum ore, only 1 gram of rhenium is obtained they can be.
The melting point is one of the highest elements. Rhenium and the alloys it forms are used in the production of turbine blades of jet engines in combat aircraft due to the fact that they are resistant to very high temperatures.
It is also a catalyst for obtaining lead-free high-octane petroleum products in the petrochemical industry (which allows chemical reactions to occur faster, but is not spent on the reaction itself substances are used as).
76. Osmium (Os)
Osmium is the 6th element of the periodic table. 8th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of osmium is 76. Osmium is denoted by the symbol Os and is metal.
It is a hard and brittle metal of silvery-white color. Its density is the highest element.
The osmium tetraoxide compound formed as a result of its reaction with oxygen is toxic and irritating. Osmium tetraoxide sublimates below the melting point, that is, it passes directly from the solid state to the gaseous state.
It is one of the rare elements found in the earth’s crust.
Osmium is used to make fountain pen tips and gramophone needles. A catalyst in the chemical industry (which allows chemical reactions to occur faster, but is not itself spent on the reaction are used as substances).
77. Iridium (Ir)
Iridium is the 6th element of the periodic table. 9 of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of iridium is 77. Iridium is denoted by the symbol Ir and is metal.
It is a hard and brittle metal with a silvery-white color. It is the densest element after osmium.
it was discovered in 1803 by the English chemist Smithson Tennant.
It is one of the rarest stable elements in the earth’s crust. It can be found in nature in a very low pure form and commonly in the form of alloys formed with osmium. The source of iridium on Earth It is estimated that it was a thunderstone that hit the Earth. Because the proportion of iridium in the structure of asteroids is relatively high. Geological dating studies have shown that iridium is highly present in the earth’s crust.
it shows that the layer was formed about 65 million years ago. Some scientists think that the meteorite, which is the source of iridium on Earth, is the same as the one that caused the extinction of dinosaurs.
Alloys obtained by mixing with other metals are used for different purposes. For example, iridium-osmium alloy is used on fountain pen tips, and platinum-iridium alloy is used as a standard kilogram measure it is used in the production of its prototype.
78. Platinum (Mo)
Platinum is the 6th of the periodic table. 10th of the period. it is an element in the group. Platinum has an atomic number of 78. Platinum is denoted by the symbol Pt and Mo metal.
It is a metal of a bright silvery-white color.
Since it is an element that is reluctant to react, it is resistant to corrosion (chemical abrasion) and high temperature.
Platinum, a precious metal, is often used to make jewelry, such as gold.
In the chemical industry, nitric acid is used as a catalyst (substances that allow chemical reactions to occur faster, but are not spent on the reaction itself) in the production of sulfuric acid, fertilizers and explosives.
It is used to increase the efficiency of fuel cells.
79. Gold (Au)
Gold is the 6th element of the periodic table. 11th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of gold is 79. Gold is denoted by the symbol Au and is metal.
It is a metal of yellow color.
It can be easily shaped by beating.
It is known that gold has been used by people since time immemorial. The mask from the tomb of pharaoh Tutankhamen, who died in 1323 BC, was made of gold. For the first time, gold coins were used by Lydians in Anatolia it was printed by. Gold is still used as an international means of paying.
It has been used by people as an ornamental item since time immemorial.
20. Since it is an element that is reluctant to react, it is resistant to corrosion (chemical abrasion) and conducts electricity well. it began to be used in industry from the end of the XIX century.
It is used in computers, spacecraft, electronic devices and aircraft engines.
Nanoscale gold particles are used as catalysts in industry (substances that allow chemical reactions to occur faster, but are not spent on the reaction itself).
80. Mercury (Hg)
Mercury is the 6th element of the periodic table. 12th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of mercury is 80. Mercury is denoted by the symbol Hg and is metal.
It is a shiny, silvery-colored metal.
It is available in liquid form at room temperature. It has low thermal conductivity, but conducts electricity well. The density of mercury is high, 1 cm3 of mercury is about 13.5 grams.
Ingestion of mercury, inhalation of its vapor and absorption through the skin, albeit in a very small amount, is dangerous to health. People mostly eat mercury in their bodies from fish and shellfish that they eat it takes.
It is mostly obtained from mercury sulfide (HgS) ores.
It is used in batteries, fluorescent lighting, thermometers and barometers (pressure gauges), amalgams, which are dental filling materials. However, due to the toxic effect on living things, the World Health Organization (WHO) has called for a phased end to the use of mercury in medical supplies and measuring devices by 2020.
81. Thallium (Tl)
Thallium is the 6th element of the periodic table. 13th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of thallium is 81. Thallium is denoted by the symbol Tl and is a metal.
It is a soft metal with a silvery-white color, which can quickly become dull.
It is extremely poisonous. Its vapor is teratogenic (inhibiting embryo development) and carcinogenic. It can be replaced by potassium in the body and act on the nervous system.
It is often used in the construction of photoelectric effect. Thallium compounds are used to make rat poison, glass with a high refractive index or a low melting point.
It is mostly obtained as a by-product from copper, zinc and lead refineries. In the magnesium nodules on the ocean floors (mainly composed of iron and manganese oxides but with copper, nickel in, solid deposits the size of walnuts with cobalt) are also found.
82. Lead (Pb)
Lead is the 6th element of the periodic table. 14th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of lead is 82. Lead is denoted by the symbol Pb and is metal.
Its discovery dates back to ancient times.
It is a soft metal with a silvery color, matte and plated properties.
It is poisonous, teratogenic (inhibits embryo development) and carcinogenic. It can accumulate in the body, causing serious health problems. Because it is harmful today in areas such as glazed pottery, pesticides, hair dye it is forbidden to use it.
It can be easily made into sheets. Due to its easy-to-process and stainless structure, it has been used for making pipes, tin alloys and paints since Roman times.
It is used in car batteries, ammunition production, cable insulation, shields used for radiation protection, and some solders.
At least 40% of the lead used in the UK is obtained by recycling waste batteries and pipes.
83. Bismuth (Bi)
Bismuth is the 6th element of the periodic table. 15th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of bismuth is 83. Bismuth is denoted by the symbol Bi and is metal.
It is known that it has been used since prehistoric times. But for a long time lead was mixed with antimony and tin. it was discovered in 1753 by Claude François Geoffroy that bismuth is a different element.
It is a metal of high density, silvery and pinkish in color.
It is not poisonous.
It is found in nature in pure form or in the form of alloys. Lead is also obtained as a by-product during the purification of copper, tin, silver and gold.
It is used by mixing with different metals due to its extremely fragile structure. The melting point of alloys formed by tin or cadmium is low. That is why the fire detector, fire extinguisher, electrical fuse and it is used for soldering.
84. Polonium (Po)
Polonium is the 6th element of the periodic table. 16th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of polonium is 84. Polonium is denoted by the symbol Po and is metal.
It is a radioactive element of silvery color. It is very toxic due to its radioactive properties.
It makes alpha glow. It is used as an alpha particle source by coating on stainless steel discs in the form of a thin film. These discs are used in antistatic (reducing or preventing electrostatic discharge) devices and it is used in scientific research.
Its mixture or alloy with beryllium is used as a neutron source.
85. Astatine (Horse)
Astatin is the 6th of the periodic table. 17th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of astatine is 85. Astatine is denoted by the symbol of the Horse and is nonmetal.
It is a dangerously radioactive element. It is very toxic due to its radioactive properties.
It can be obtained in different ways, albeit in very small quantities. The astatine-211 isotope can be obtained by neutron bombardment in bismuth-200 isotopes in nuclear reactors. The half-life of the longest known isotope is its service life is 8 hours.
Nowadays it is used only for research purposes.
86. Radon (Rn)
Radon is the 6th element of the periodic table. 18th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of radon is 86. Radon is denoted by the symbol Rn and is a noble gas.
It is a colorless and odorless gas.
It is reluctant to undergo a chemical reaction, but it is radioactive.
It occurs naturally as a result of the decay of the radium-226 isotope found in rocks. There are measurable levels of radon in the Earth’s atmosphere. In some minerals, for example, radon gas can be released as a result of the decay of uranium found in granite.
It turns into polonium by alpha-irradiation. It is used in the treatment of cancer due to radiation emitted during decay. In some hospitals, radon gas is filled into small tubes and these tubes are cancerous tumors are treated on the spot by transplanting them into tissues.
87. Francium (Fr)
Francium is the 7th element of the periodic table. period 1. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of francium is 87. Francium is denoted by the symbol Fr and is metal.
It is an extremely radioactive element and is toxic due to this property.
Its half-life is only 22 minutes. It does not have any uses.
It is obtained by conducting neutron bombardment of radium in nuclear reactors. It can also be produced by bombarding thorium with protons.
88. Radium (Ra)
Radium is the 7th element of the periodic table. period 2. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of radium is 88. Radium is denoted by the symbol Ra and is metal.
It is a bright, silvery-colored, soft and highly radioactive element. It is toxic due to its radioactive properties and its use is limited.
Calcium is found in the bones. Because radium is in the same group as calcium in the periodic table, it can be used to target cancerous bone cells. Alpha radiation made by radium atoms causes cancer cells to it allows it to be destroyed.
There is also radium in all uranium mines. In addition, radium can also be obtained as a by-product during the uranium enrichment process. Currently, the fuel used in nuclear reactors is depleted radium is obtained from its rods.
Uranium mines in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in Canada are the richest in radium. The annual production of radium is less than 100 grams. Gamma rays, as well as alpha radiation because it emits it has been used as a source of radiation in the past to treat cancer.
89. Actinium (Ac)
Actinium is the 7th element of the periodic table. it is included in the group of actinides of period 1. it is the element. The atomic number of actinium is 89. Actinium is denoted by the symbol Ac and is metal.
It is a soft and radioactive metal with a silvery-white color. It is poisonous due to its radioactive nature. It looks blue even in the dark, as the intense Cherenkov radiation emitted by it stimulates the surrounding air.
It is a powerful source of alpha particles.
It is used mainly for research purposes. It is obtained by neutron bombardment of the radium-226 isotope. It is also found in uranium mines.
90. Thorium (Th)
Thorium is the 7th element of the periodic table. it is included in the group of actinides of period 2. it is the element. Thorium has an atomic number of 90. Thorium is denoted by the symbol Th and is metal.
It is a silver-colored, low-radioactive metal. It is poisonous due to its radioactive nature.
It is found in the torite, uranotorite and torianite mines. The ore with the highest economic value of thorium is the monazite mine.
Turkey has the most reserves of thorium to be among the top five countries in the world.
By forming alloys with magnesium, it increases the hardness and friction resistance of the material at high temperatures.
It has the potential to be used as a fuel in nuclear power plants. The amount of thorium in nature is almost equal to that of lead and three times that of uranium. The energy that can be obtained from thorium its amount is probably more than the amount of energy that can be obtained from uranium or fossil fuels.
India and China are trying to develop nuclear power plants in which thorium is used as fuel. However, it can be said that this technology is very new yet.
91. Protactinium (Pa)
It is a radioactive metal of silvery color. It is poisonous due to its radioactive nature.
Small amounts of proactinium are also found in uranium mines. It is also used in nuclear reactors and is obtained from depleted fuel rods.
It is mainly used for research purposes.
92. Uranium (U)
Uranium is the 7th element of the periodic table. 4. contained in the group of actinides of the period it is the element. The atomic number of uranium is 92. Uranium is denoted by the symbol U and is metal.
It is a radioactive metal of silvery color. It is poisonous due to its radioactive nature.
It is extracted naturally from the mines of uranite, brannerite and carnotite. 41 thousand tons of uranium are produced annually throughout the world.
In nuclear power plants, energy is obtained as a result of fission reactions and uranium is used as fuel. In order to keep the chain core reactions occurring in nuclear power plants under control neutron absorbing materials are used. The resulting heat energy evaporates the water. With this water vapor, electricity is generated by rotating the turbines.
It is the main substance used to produce elements heavier than uranium in the laboratory environment.
Isotopes of uranium-238 make up about 99% of the uranium in nature, and uranium-235 make up about 1%. Of these two isotopes, only uranium-235 can be used as fuel in nuclear power plants. That’s why in order for a uranium mine obtained from nature to become usable in nuclear reactors, it must first be enriched with uranium-235.
Uranium is also used to provide energy for nuclear bombs and nuclear submarines.
93. Neptunium (Np)
Neptunium is the 7th element of the periodic table. 5. contained in the group of actinides of the period it is the element. Neptunium has an atomic number of 93. Neptunium is denoted by the symbol Np and is metal.
It is a radioactive metal. It is poisonous due to its radioactive nature.
It is obtained as a by-product in nuclear reactors. In addition, neptunium is also obtained from depleted uranium fuel rods.
Trace amounts of neptunium are found in uranium mines.
The isotope neptunium-237 is used in neutron detectors.
Nowadays it is mostly used for research purposes.
94. Plutonium (Pu)
Plutonium is the 7th element of the periodic table. it is located in the group of actinides of period 6. it is the element. Plutonium has an atomic number of 94. Plutonium is denoted by the symbol Pu and is metal.
It is a radioactive metal of silvery color. It is poisonous due to its radioactive nature.
Plutonium was used in some of the first atomic bombs made, and today it is used in the production of nuclear weapons. The explosion of one kilogram of plutonium is equivalent to a chemical explosion of 10 thousand tons.
Plutonium is an important substance for the development of nuclear energy technology.
Plutonium is used as a power source for various space missions-for example, in the Curiosity sent to Mars and the New Horizons vehicles en route to Pluto.
When uranium is bombarded in nuclear reactors, plutonium-239 isotopes with a half-life of 24,400 years appear. This process is the most important source of plutonium.
95. Americium (Am)
Americium is the 7th element of the periodic table. it is included in the group of actinides of period 7. it is the element. The atomic number of americium is 95. Americium is denoted by the symbol Am and is metal.
It is a radioactive metal of a bright silvery color. It is poisonous due to its radioactive nature.
Trace amounts of americium are found in uranium mines. The main method used to obtain the element is neutron bombardment of plutonium in nuclear reactors. Explosion of nuclear bombs
as a result, americium appears.
It is mainly used in smoke detectors.
Nowadays, plutonium is used in spacecraft batteries. However, because the amount of plutonium on earth is very limited, research is being done on alternatives. In the future, spacecraft batteries
one of the candidate substances to replace plutonium is americium.
96. Curium (cm)
Curium is the 7th element of the periodic table. it is located in the group of actinides of period 8. it is the element. Curium has an atomic number of 96. Curium is denoted by the symbol Cm and is metal.
It is a radioactive metal of silvery color. It is poisonous due to its radioactive nature.
It quickly becomes dull when in contact with air.
It is used to power electrical appliances used on space missions.
It is produced by neutron bombardment of plutonium in nuclear reactors. Trace amounts of curium are also found in uranium mines. Only a few grams are produced per year.
97. Berkelium (Bk)
Berkelium is the 7th element of the periodic table. it is located in the group of actinides of period 9. it is the element. Berkelium has an atomic number of 97. Berkelium is denoted by the symbol Bk and is metal.
It is a radioactive metal of silvery color. It is poisonous due to its radioactive nature.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
Since it is very rare, it has no commercial or technological use.
The main method used to produce berkelium is to bombard plutonium-239 isotopes with neutrons. Its annual production does not exceed one gram.
98. Californium (Cf)
California, 7th of the periodic table. it is located in the group of actinides of period 10. it is the element. Californium has an atomic number of 98. Californium is denoted by the symbol Cf and is metal.
It is a radioactive metal. It is poisonous due to its radioactive nature.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
It is a powerful neutron emitter. In portable metal detectors used to detect gold and silver ores, in the determination of layers of water and oil in oil wells, in the detection of metal in aircraft
it is used to detect fatigue.
A few milligrams of californium can be produced by neutron bombardment of the plutonium-239 isotope.
99. Aynstaynium (Es)
Aynstainium, 7th of the periodic table. it is located in the group of actinides of period 11. it is the element. The atomic number of mercury is 99. Aynstynium is denoted by the symbol Es and is metal.
It is a radioactive metal. It is poisonous due to its radioactive nature.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
Only a few milligrams are produced per year.
In nuclear reactors, several milligrams of aynchynium can be produced by neutron bombardment of plutonium.
Nowadays it is produced only for research purposes.
100. Fermium (Fm)
Fermium is the 7th element of the periodic table. it is located in the group of actinides of period 12. it is the element. The atomic number of fermium is 100. Fermium is denoted by the symbol Fm and is metal.
It is a radioactive metal. It is poisonous due to its radioactive nature.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
In nuclear reactors, fermium can be produced at the microgram scale by neutron bombardment of plutonium.
Nowadays it is produced only for research purposes.
101. Mendelevium (Md)
Mendelevium is the 7th element of the periodic table. it is located in the group of actinides of period 13. it is the element. Mendelevium has an atomic number of 101. Mendelevium is denoted by the symbol Md and is metal.
It is a radioactive metal.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
It was possible to obtain only a few atoms of the same helium by bombarding it with alpha particles (helium atom nuclei).
Nowadays it is produced only for research purposes.
102. Nobel Prize (No)
The Nobel Prize is the 7th edition of the periodic table. it is located in the group of actinides of period 14. it is the element. The atomic number of a Nobel prize is 102. Nobelium is denoted by the symbol No and is metal.
It is a radioactive metal. It is poisonous due to its radioactive nature. Its half-life is 58 minutes.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
In particle accelerators called cyclotrons, only a few atoms could be obtained by bombarding curium atoms with carbon atoms.
Nowadays it is produced only for research purposes.
103. Lavrentium (Lr)
Lavrentium is the 7th element of the periodic table. 15, which is included in the group of actinides of the period. it is the element. The atomic number of lavrentium is 103. Lavrentium is denoted by the symbol Lr and is metal.
It is a radioactive metal.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
By bombarding californium atoms with boron atoms, only a few atoms could be obtained.
Nowadays it is produced only for research purposes.
104. Rutherfordium (Rf)
Rutherfordium, 7th of the periodic table. 4 of the period. it is an element in the group. Rutherfordium has an atomic number of 104. Rutherfordium is denoted by the symbol Rf and is metal.
It is a radioactive metal.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
By bombarding the isotopes of Californium-249 with isotopes of carbon-12, only a few atoms of it could be obtained.
Nowadays it is produced only for research purposes.
105. Dubnium (Db)
Dubnium is the 7th element of the periodic table. 5th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of dubnium is 105. Dubnium is denoted by the symbol Db and is metal.
It is an extremely radioactive metal.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
Only a few atoms of Californium-249 could be obtained by bombarding them with nitrogen-15 isotopes.
Nowadays it is produced only for research purposes.
106. Cyborghium (Sg)
Siborgium is the 7th element of the periodic table. 6 of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of siborgium is 106. Siborgium is denoted by the symbol Sg and is metal.
It is a radioactive element.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
Only a few atoms of Californium-249 could be obtained by bombarding it with oxygen-18 isotopes.
Nowadays it is produced only for research purposes.
107. Bohrium (Bh)
Bohrium, 7th of the periodic table. 7th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of bohrium is 107. Bohrium is denoted by the symbol Bh and is metal.
It is an extremely radioactive metal.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
Only a few atoms of it could be obtained by bombarding the isotopes of bismuth-209 with the isotopes of chromium-54.
Nowadays it is produced only for research purposes.
108. Hassium (Hs)
Hassium, 7th of the periodic table. 8th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of helium is 108. Hassium is denoted by the symbol Hs and is metal.
It is an extremely radioactive element.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
Only a few atoms of it could be obtained by bombarding lead atoms with iron atoms.
There are 15 known isotopes.
Nowadays it is produced only for research purposes.
109. Metnerium (Mt)
Metnerium is the 7th element of the periodic table. 9 of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of metnerium is 109. Metnerium is denoted by the symbol Mt and is metal.
It is an extremely radioactive metal.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
Several atoms of it could be obtained by bombarding bismuth atoms with iron atoms. There are 7 known isotopes. The half-life of its longest-lived isotope is 8 seconds.
Nowadays it is produced only for research purposes.
110. Darmstadt (Ds)
Darmstadt, 7th of the periodic table. 10th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of Darmstadt is 110. Darmstadthium is denoted by the symbol Ds and is metal.
It is an extremely radioactive metal.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
Only a few atoms of it could be obtained by fusion of nickel and lead atoms.
There are 7 known isotopes. The half-life of its longest-lived isotope is 22.8 seconds.
Nowadays it is produced only for research purposes.
111. X-ray (Rg)
Roentgenium, 7th of the periodic table. 11th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of X-ray is 111. Röntgenium is denoted by the symbol Rg and is metal.
It is an extremely radioactive metal.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
Only a few atoms of it could be obtained by fusion of nickel and bismuth atoms.
Nowadays it is produced only for research purposes.
112. Copernicium (Cn)
Copernicium is the 7th element of the periodic table. 12th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of copernicium is 112. Copernicium is denoted by the symbol Cn and is metal.
It is an extremely radioactive metal. It is believed that he is reluctant to enter into chemical reactions, behaves more like a noble gas than a metal.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
Only a few of its atoms could be obtained by the fusion of lead and zinc atoms.
Nowadays it is produced only for research purposes.
113. Nihonium (Nh)
Nihonium is the 7th element of the periodic table. 13th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of nihonium is 113. Nihonium is denoted by the symbol Nh.
It is an extremely radioactive metal.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
It has six known isotopes.
Nowadays it is produced only for research purposes.
114. Flerovium (Fl)
Flerovium is the 7th element of the periodic table. 14th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of flerovium is 114. Flerovium is denoted by the symbol Fl.
It is an extremely radioactive metal.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
It is produced in nuclear reactors. To date, only a few atoms of it have been obtained.
It has 4 known isotopes. The half-life of its longest-lived isotope, flerovium-289, is only 2.6 seconds.
Nowadays it is produced only for research purposes.
115. Moskovium (Mc)
Moskovium is the 7th element of the periodic table. 15th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of moskovium is 115. Moskovium is denoted by the symbol Mc.
It is an extremely radioactive metal.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
It has two known isotopes.
To date, only a few atoms of it have been obtained.
Nowadays it is produced only for research purposes.
116. Livermorium (Lv)
Livermorium is the 7th element of the periodic table. 16th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of livermorium is 116. Livermorium is denoted by the symbol Lv.
It is an extremely radioactive metal.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
Only a few atoms of curium could be obtained by bombarding them with calcium atoms.
It has 4 known isotopes. The half-life of its most stable isotope is 53 milliseconds.
Nowadays it is produced only for research purposes.
117. Tennessine (Ts)
Tennessine, 7th of the periodic table. 17th of the period. it is an element in the group. Tennessee has an atomic number of 117. Tennessin is denoted by the symbol Ts.
It is an extremely radioactive metal.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
To date, only a few atoms of it have been obtained.
Nowadays it is produced only for research purposes.
118. Oganesson (Mv)
Oganesson, 7th of the periodic table. 18th of the period. it is an element in the group. The atomic number of Oganesson is 118. Oganesson is denoted by the symbol Og.
It is an extremely radioactive metal.
It is not found in nature, it is an artificial element.
To date, only a few atoms of it have been obtained.
Nowadays it is produced only for research purposes.
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Turkey's world-renowned organ transplant specialist. Dr. Demirbaş has 104 international publications and 102 national publications.
Physician's Resume:
Born on August 7, 1963 in Çorum, Prof. Dr. Alper Demirbaş has been continuing his work as the President of MedicalPark Antalya Hospital Organ Transplantation Center since 2008.
Prof. who performed the first tissue incompatible kidney transplant in Turkey, the first blood type incompatible kidney transplant, the first kidney-pancreas transplant program and the first cadaveric donor and live donor liver transplant in Antalya. Dr. As of August 2016, Alper Demirbaş has performed 4900 kidney transplants, 500 liver transplants and 95 pancreas transplants.
In addition to being the chairman of 6 national congresses, he has also been an invited speaker at 12 international and 65 national scientific congresses. Dr. Alper Demirbaş was married and the father of 1 girl and 1 boy.
Awards:
Eczacibasi Medical Award of 2002, Akdeniz University Service Award of 2005, Izder Medical Man of the Year Award of 2006, BÖHAK Medical Man of the Year Award of 2007, Sabah Mediterranean Newspaper Scientist of the Year Award of 2007, ANTIKAD Scientist of the Year Award of 2009, Social Ethics Association Award of 2010, Işık University Medical Man of the Year Award of 2015, VTV Antalya's Brand Value Award of 2015.
Certificates:
Doctor of Medicine Degree Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine Ankara, General Surgeon Ministry of Health Turkey EKFMG (0-477-343-8), University of Miami School of Medicine Member of Multiple Organ Transplant, ASTS Multiorgan Transplant Scholarship. Lecturer at Kyoto University. Lecturer at University of Essen, Research assistant at the University of Cambridge .
Professional Members:
American Society of Transplant Surgeons, American Transplantation Society Nominated, Middle East and Southern Africa Council Transplantation Society 2007, International Liver Transplantation Association, Turkish Transplantation Association, Turkish Society of Surgery, Turkish Hepatobiliary Surgery Association.
Disclaimer:
Our website contents consist of articles approved by our Web and Medical Editorial Board with the contributions of our physicians. Our contents are prepared only for informational purposes for public benefit. Be sure to consult your doctor for diagnosis and treatment.