Reading time is 7 mins
.
.
HEALTH SYSTEMS OF OECD COUNTRIES AND TURKEY COMPARISON
Health systems of countries and characteristics of their systems health expenditures and therefore the most important affecting their various health-related outputs it stands out as factors. Countries today different health they adopt system models. Provision of Health Services, methods of financing health expenditures and the public or private sector-based assessments to be resolved within systems it is being studied. Therefore, countries per capita and total health in spending, in gross domestic product of health care spending (GDP) shares, these shares in public and private sector expenditures in their rates, out-of-pocket health spending rates, and thus there are significant differences in the health indicators of countries. Each country’s financing method socio-economic of that country it is shaped according to its status and political preferences and financing the burden is shared by society in various ways. Health looking at developed countries whose spending has increased, health spending the increase is usually caused by the elderly population and the density of the population it seems to be due to the nature of the population in that society. (Mendelson & Schwartz, 1993: 123). Also, countries in the economic sense of their continued development depends on technological advances in the field of Medicine as the demand for health services increases and health policies changes also (for example, new health systems in the United States and Turkey) increase in health spending and spending dynamics Vern (Thorpe, 2005: 1437-1439). From the main goals of countries ensuring fair access to health care for people who are, improve the quality of health services and in various health indicators effective control of health spending to create improvements it has become more important than before. In this study, the OECD categorized various health system models member states and specifically the United States and Turkey 2010-2020 changes in health spending between, GDP of these changes their share in it and how health care spending is funded has been investigated. In addition, these different health models and health expenditures access to various health indicators and people’s health services its effects are compared.
.
MODELS OF WORLD HEALTH SYSTEMS
Countries in today’s world keep people healthy, treat patients a variety of financial purposes, such as providing and controlling health spending they have developed health systems. The basic dynamics of these systems are resources of Health Services, Management and organization of these resources, (Culyer and Newhouse, 2000:13-19). Countries, increasingly complex legal, financial and political ability to provide health services in the most accurate way within management systems in order to develop these models. Although a general classification is difficult four globally recognized main system models have been adopted: Beveridge model, Bismark model, national health insurance model, and out-of-pocket payment model. The main differences that distinguish these systems health care providers, the way health services are paid and health care how to distinguish financial risks between providing and receiving insurance (Tatar, 2011:110-111; McCanne, 2010: 2) Countries often do not follow a single funding model, and this is their country because they can go to policy changes over time assign to models and talk about a clear system classification each time may not be possible (Berie and Fink, 2000:27). Healthcare in many countries, finance is increasingly being studied it has become mixed, both taxes, social insurance premiums, and household out-of-pocket payments, as well as private health insurance it appears to have been used. That’s why countries finance health care financing weighted in the system when classifying in terms of models it is classified according to its shape.
Beveridge Model (National Health Service)
Designing Britain’s National Health System after World War II by William Beveridge, state of health care by which it is funded on a tax basis and presented to the public it is a health system. In this sense, health care is national security, the way, the bridge was seen as an ordinary public property, as was the lighting. Health most cited for his attempts to reform health funding references Many hospitals in the UK that are the founder of this system and the clinic belongs to the state, private doctors as well as state-affiliated doctors Health systems, they get their wages from the state. What the state doctors will do and countries that use this system can determine how much they will charge in most cases, per capita health expenditures may be low. This system countries that use the United Kingdom, Spain, most Scandinavian countries and New Zealand (Immergut, 1992: 5).
Bismarck Healthcare Model
The welfare state as part of the unification of Germany in the century it was designed by Otto Von Bismarck, who developed the definition. This the model includes an insurance system, and the employer finances this insurance and workers are provided with payroll cuts. German insurance system this system, also called employee-employer financing in the United States in contrast to its system, it aims to cover all citizens and is for profit (Barnighausen & Sauerborn, 2002: 1560). Adopted this system hospitals and doctors in countries tend to be private. This system insures against disease risks and therefore therapeutic and covers outpatient services. Bismarck model developed and it is often practiced in many developing countries. Of these countries beginning Germany, France, Netherlands, Belgium, Japan, Switzerland and some South American countries (Tatar, 2011:
National Health Insurance Model
National Health Insurance, which also passes as a mixed model in some sources the model has some elements from the Bismark and Beveridge model. In this model, private health care providers are used, but the state operated by and paying taxes and premiums by citizens it is a system funded through. Single payer, marketing it’s easier compared to other systems because it doesn’t have needs or profit it can be a system that is managed and organized and cheaper. Also, this system will be covered for the purpose of controlling the costs of Health limit services or allow patients to receive services it can create a waiting list. The most classic to accept this system the example is Canada. But newly industrialized South Korea and developing this system is also seen in countries such as Taiwan (Woolhandler, Campbell et al., 2003:773).
Out-Of-Pocket Payment Model
The out-of-pocket payment model is a model seen in many countries around the world. Low levels of income and health health care, so that couldn’t services management is most common in unorganized countries. Those who can pay to buy health care in such countries it is able to use this service, otherwise it remains ill or they can die. African countries, China, India, some South America their countries are the most basic examples (Lameire, Joffe et al., 1999:6).
US Healthcare Model
General health system of the United States, the four main health systems it contains one part from each of its models. Veterans and children the model for health care is the Beveridge model, the elderly national health insurance model in terms of service delivery, employees in terms of health services offered, it is similar to the Bismark model. More than 15% of the population before the change in recent years because of the lack of health insurance, the model is with an out-of-pocket payment model it bears similarities. The basis of this system is private insurance and the basic principle it is that everyone can have the right to choose their doctor and patient. Most doctors prefer to work in their private examinations and payments are made either on the insurance side or directly to the physician. It is possible to talk about full unity in the country’s health practices it is not, and different practices can be seen in states. Special in a developing system focused on health insurance, low income in the 1960s – level with the introduction of the public to the problems of people with special Medicaid for those unable to get health insurance and Medicare for the elderly named public organizations have been created. Similar practices it has also been developed for children (Oral, 2002:90). The United States is the country with the highest per capita health spending although it is and technologically advanced, it is the most in the world it’s not a healthy society. U.S. infant mortality according to who 2007 data 39 at speed., 42 by life expectancy at birth., on a global basis 37. the level of performance in order to be able to have health care, Commonwealth Developed countries prepared by OECD according to fund data Health systems.
Inadequate health care and too costly designed by President Obama in 2010 and described as a nationwide reform of ‘Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act The patient protection and Affordable Care All covered by insurance in the new Act (PPACA) health system there is an expansion policy in place so that people will benefit. Expanded Medicaid accessibility and state-by-state coverage exchange program to allow individuals to buy health insurance has been studied. But getting 30 million people health insurance coverage contrary to what is expected in the new system law, which came into force only 2-3 million people are covered by this insurance, medical drugs and increases in health spending have been observed (Steinbrook, 2012:1).
Turkey Healthcare Model
General Health Insurance (SGK) according to the Turkish Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, health care is public property it is one of the duties of the health services and health from the state The ministry is responsible. Health Services Public, semi-public, private and profit it is provided by non-profit foundation organizations. Health services finance is taxes, Social Security premiums (SSI), private insurance premiums and out-of-pocket payments are realized (Pekten, 2006:2). Accelerated reforms over the past 20 years and starting in 2003 Turkish Health System reorganized with’ Health Transformation ‘ Program general health insurance system with Social Security reform have been put into effect. As a result of these changes, citizens facilities provided for access to health services and high health financial protection for low-income cuts against spending improvements have been observed in its case (OECD, 2008:75-87). 2020 year participation of all citizens in the general health insurance system are required. Turkey compared to developing countries and countries in its own income group above average by health indicators and health spending although it managed to exit, it was compared to OECD member countries from countries that are still in the most negative state in terms of health indicators he’s someone. In addition, the share of public health spending in recent years its rapid rise increases the risks of financing.
.
.
.
.
Turkey's world-renowned organ transplant specialist. Dr. Demirbaş has 104 international publications and 102 national publications.
Physician's Resume:
Born on August 7, 1963 in Çorum, Prof. Dr. Alper Demirbaş has been continuing his work as the President of MedicalPark Antalya Hospital Organ Transplantation Center since 2008.
Prof. who performed the first tissue incompatible kidney transplant in Turkey, the first blood type incompatible kidney transplant, the first kidney-pancreas transplant program and the first cadaveric donor and live donor liver transplant in Antalya. Dr. As of August 2016, Alper Demirbaş has performed 4900 kidney transplants, 500 liver transplants and 95 pancreas transplants.
In addition to being the chairman of 6 national congresses, he has also been an invited speaker at 12 international and 65 national scientific congresses. Dr. Alper Demirbaş was married and the father of 1 girl and 1 boy.
Awards:
Eczacibasi Medical Award of 2002, Akdeniz University Service Award of 2005, Izder Medical Man of the Year Award of 2006, BÖHAK Medical Man of the Year Award of 2007, Sabah Mediterranean Newspaper Scientist of the Year Award of 2007, ANTIKAD Scientist of the Year Award of 2009, Social Ethics Association Award of 2010, Işık University Medical Man of the Year Award of 2015, VTV Antalya's Brand Value Award of 2015.
Certificates:
Doctor of Medicine Degree Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine Ankara, General Surgeon Ministry of Health Turkey EKFMG (0-477-343-8), University of Miami School of Medicine Member of Multiple Organ Transplant, ASTS Multiorgan Transplant Scholarship. Lecturer at Kyoto University. Lecturer at University of Essen, Research assistant at the University of Cambridge .
Professional Members:
American Society of Transplant Surgeons, American Transplantation Society Nominated, Middle East and Southern Africa Council Transplantation Society 2007, International Liver Transplantation Association, Turkish Transplantation Association, Turkish Society of Surgery, Turkish Hepatobiliary Surgery Association.
Disclaimer:
Our website contents consist of articles approved by our Web and Medical Editorial Board with the contributions of our physicians. Our contents are prepared only for informational purposes for public benefit. Be sure to consult your doctor for diagnosis and treatment.